Despite their non-threatening appearance and small size compared to more fierce predators in the Serpentes suborder, garter snakes are still quite skilled hunters who feed on a variety of animals. These little snakes are incredibly useful ecologically by controlling rodent and insect populations, and many gardeners even like to keep a few around in their backyard to keep pests away from their crops. Let’s take a look at what the average garter snake eats on a daily basis, how they locate and take down their prey, and the various higher-level predator animals they have to look out for whenever they’re searching for their next meal.
What Foods Do Garter Snakes Eat?
Like all snakes, the 30+ unique species of garter snakes are strict carnivores. This means they don’t eat plant matter and subsist solely on meat from other animals. Because they are one of the smaller varieties of snakes and lack powerful venom or the ability to constrict their prey, they prefer to hunt animals that are small and weak enough to easily ambush and swallow whole. Garter snakes won’t eat animals that are already dead or decomposing, either! Their prey needs to be alive for them to be interested in it. However, they will occasionally eat eggs from smaller birds and reptiles because they are easy targets and have lots of protein. Here’s a list of the many kinds of animals garter snakes eat regularly:
Small invertebrates like earthworms and slugsFrogs and toadsInsects like crickets and grasshoppersSalamandersNewtsLizardsBirds, particularly smaller speciesSmall bony fishes, ex. minnows and guppiesRodents like mice, shrews, and chipmunksSmaller snakes, especially babies and juvenilesSnailsEggs (from birds, reptiles, or fish)
How Do Garter Snakes Hunt Prey?
Despite their small size, garter snakes are skilled hunters who use their lightning-fast reflexes to ambush their prey. They also have excellent sight and a keen sense of smell. Their sharp senses help them locate and stalk their prey without immediately alerting the prey animal to their presence. A garter snake’s tongue rapidly darts out of their mouth and flicks at the ground and air, picking up scents and transmitting information about them to their vomeronasal organ (also known as a Jacobson’s organ). This organ is located in the roof of their mouth. Their vomeronasal organ then interprets the information, alerting the snake to what kind of prey is nearby and how far away they are (as well as locating predator animals nearby, too!). Once they’ve located their next meal, a garter snake will wait for the perfect moment to strike before swallowing the prey whole. Next, they use the powerful muscles throughout their body to slowly move the animal down their digestive tract. Interestingly, although garter snakes were long considered to be non-venomous, more recent research has shown that their saliva actually possesses a very weak neurotoxic venom. Although it’s somewhat effective for hunting smaller animals, the venom is mild and non-lethal to humans, especially since garter snakes lack the hollow fangs needed to effectively and reliably deliver it to their prey.
What Animals Eat Garter Snakes?
Because they are so small and lack much in the way of defense mechanisms, garter snakes are commonly preyed upon by a number of larger animals, including other snakes! More specifically, garter snakes have a huge array of mammalian, avian, amphibious, and reptilian predators to look out for while they’re on the hunt for a meal, such as:
FoxesBearsBullfrogsRaccoonsHawksSnapping turtlesCrowsEaglesHeronsOwlsLarger snakes like kingsnakes and coral snakes
Despite their weakness and small size, garter snakes actually do possess just one somewhat effective defense mechanism. They can emit a foul-smelling secretion from the glands surrounding their cloaca, which helps to deter certain predators!
